Academics often feel overwhelmed by the information available on their research topics. Finding the right resources can be daunting, even when the goal is clear. This is where a comprehensive literature search can help researchers. Focusing on suitable literature will streamline your academic writing process and improve the overall quality of your work. This guide will provide valuable insights to help you conduct a thorough literature search and accelerate your research process. ResearchPal’s AI research tool can help you achieve these goals. By automating the Literature Search process, our tool makes finding relevant research more accessible and faster, allowing you to focus on writing and your original contributions to the field.
What Is Literature Search In Research?
Before you start your literature search, you need to know what you want. What information are you trying to find? What questions are you trying to answer? Clearly defining your search will help you identify keywords and phrases to use. For example, if you are working on a project related to cannabis and anxiety, you might want to look for information on how cannabis affects anxiety and stress. But a more focused approach would be to look for literature on specific cannabinoids, such as CBD, and how they affect anxiety. A search like this will yield more targeted results to help you answer your questions.
Where to Search: Choosing the Right Databases for Your Literature Search
Not all literature is created equal. So, finding the most reputable information on your topic is essential. That means you need to know where to look. Academic databases, such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus, host peer-reviewed articles and clinical studies that are more reliable than general websites. Some even have filters to help you find the exact information you need. For example, you can filter for human studies, which will yield research most applicable to your work. Other databases, such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) website, can help you find government research and studies to bolster your literature search. It’s also important to note that you can find literature searches on virtually any topic by searching the databases above.
Building a Strategy: Developing a Plan for Your Literature Search
Now that you know what you are looking for and where to find it, it’s time to develop a search strategy to help you narrow in on the needed information. Start by brainstorming key terms and phrases related to your topic. Think of synonyms and variations, including both standard and scientific names. Next, write out some basic questions you want to answer with your literature search. As you begin to find articles, you may discover additional terms that can help you refine your search even further. Finally, remember that most databases use Boolean operators to help narrow searches.
These Include:
- AND: Narrows a search by combining terms. Results will include articles that contain both terms.
- OR: Broadens a search to include articles that contain either term. Use this operator to find synonyms or variations of a term.
- NOT: Excludes terms from a search. Use this operator to eliminate unwanted results.
Refining Your Search: Narrowing Results for More Relevant Literature
Once you’ve implemented your search strategy, you’ll likely retrieve many results, ranging in the hundreds or thousands. While this might seem promising, many of these articles may not be relevant to your literature search. Refining your search results to find the most applicable literature is critical. Start by looking at the title and abstract of each article. This will help you determine whether the study is relevant to your research before you invest time reading the entire document. Next, most academic databases will have filters on the side or top of the search results page to help you narrow results. You can filter by publication date, study type, human or animal research, and more. Use these tools to locate the most relevant literature for your search.
Saving Your Search: Keeping Your Literature for Future Reference
After completing your literature search, saving your results is a good idea. Many academic databases allow you to create an account to save articles directly to your profile. You can also download PDFs of essential studies for future reference. Additionally, consider exporting your results to a reference manager like Endnote or Zotero. These programs will help you organize your literature search results and automatically format citations and references in your paper. Finally, don’t forget to document your search strategy. Writing down your defined search terms, where you looked, and any specifics about your literature search will help you replicate the process in the future if you need to update your research.
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Importance of Literature Search
How a Literature Search Provides Clarity for Your Research: A literature search is essential for gathering knowledge, identifying research gaps, and ensuring your work builds on a solid foundation. Professors emphasize various aspects of its importance and offer advice on how to conduct it effectively:
- Professor Elizabeth Green (University of Oxford): “A literature search helps to avoid redundancy in research. By surveying existing studies, you understand what’s already been done and what needs to be explored. This saves you time and directs your efforts toward innovative contributions.” Her advice: Use a systematic approach to ensure you get all relevant works, and consider using citation tracking tools to follow the influence of critical studies over time.
- Professor James McCallum (Harvard University): “Thorough literature searches allow you to contextualize your research within the broader academic landscape. You not only validate your hypotheses but also gain insight into different perspectives on the topic.” His advice: Use a systematic approach to ensure you get all relevant works, and consider using citation tracking tools to follow the influence of critical studies over time.
- Professor Ananya Roy (University of California, Berkeley): “A well-conducted literature search strengthens the theoretical framework of your study and enhances the quality of your research methodology by learning from previous studies’ successes and limitations.” Her advice: Stay organized by categorizing your findings using tools like reference managers, and regularly update your literature search as new research is published.
ResearchPal: Your New Best Friend for Literature Searches : ResearchPal is a comprehensive AI-powered research tool designed to streamline the academic workflow for researchers, students, and professionals. Unlike task-specific alternatives, ResearchPal offers a full suite of features to accelerate writing and research processes. Key functionalities include AI-driven literature reviews, Intelligent writing assistance, Automated paper insights extraction, Advanced academic search, Efficient reference and library management, and Interactive chat with research papers. Get started for free today with our award-winning AI research tool!
6 Useful Tips To Conduct Efficient Literature Search
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- Plan Using PICO(T): The PICO(T) question framework helps develop focused, researchable questions. Using PICO(T) guides you in your search for evidence and makes you more efficient. Once you have your PICO(T) question, you can formulate a search strategy by identifying keywords, synonyms, and subject headings. These can help you determine which databases to use.
- Identify a Database: To conduct a thorough literature search, you must consult various resources to find information on your topic. While some of these resources will overlap, each contains unique information you won’t find in other databases. The “Big 3” databases—Embase, PubMed, and Scopus—are always important to search because they contain large numbers of citations and have a reasonably broad scope. In addition to searching these expansive databases, try a more topic-specific one.
- Conduct Your Search: Now that you have identified pertinent databases, it is time to begin the search! Start searching the keywords you’ve identified from your PICO(T) question. You might start your search broadly with just a few keywords and then add more once you see the scope of the literature. If the initial search doesn’t produce many results, you can remove some keywords and add more granular detail. Want to help make your search more accurate? Try using the controlled vocabulary, or main words or phrases that describe the main themes in an article, within databases. A controlled vocabulary is a standardized hierarchical system. For example, PubMed uses Medical Subject Headings or MeSH terms to “map” keywords to the controlled vocabulary. Not all databases use a controlled vocabulary, but many do. Embase’s controlled vocabulary is called Emtree, and CINAHL’s controlled vocabulary is called CINAHL Headings. Consider focusing on the controlled vocabulary as the significant topic when using MeSH, Emtree, or CINAHL Headings. Every database uses filters to help you narrow your search. There are different filters in each database, but they work in similar ways. Use filters to help you refine your search rather than adding those keywords to the search. Filters include article/publication type, age, language, publication years, and species. Using filters can help return the most accurate results for your search.
- Select Relevant Articles: Once you have completed your search, you’ll select articles that are relevant to your question. Some databases also include a “similar articles” feature, which recommends other articles similar to the article you’re reviewing—this can also be a helpful tool. When identifying an article relevant to your topic, use the “snowballing” technique to find additional articles. Snowballing involves reviewing the reference lists of articles from your search. In other words, review your critical articles and their reference list for additional key or seminal articles to aid your search.
- Organize Your Results: As you begin to collect articles during your literature search, storing them organized is essential. Most research databases include personalized accounts for storing selected references and search strategies. Reference managers are a great way to keep articles organized, generate in-text citations and bibliographies when writing manuscripts, and provide a platform for sharing references with others working on your project. Several reference managers—Zotero, EndNote, RefWorks, Mendeley, and Papers—are available. EndNote Basic (web-based) is freely available to U of U faculty, staff, and students. If you need help with this process, contact a librarian to help you select the reference manager that best suits your needs.
Difference Between Literature Review and Literature Search
The Basic Differences Between Literature Review and Literature Search: Literature reviews and literature searches can easily be mixed up. A literature search identifies and gathers existing studies about a specific topic. In contrast, a literature review analyzes the information from a literature search to summarize the current knowledge about a topic.
What Is a Literature Search?: A literature search finds and collects existing research on a specific topic. The goal is to locate relevant studies, articles, books, and other resources that will help you better understand your research area. A literature search is typically the first step in the research process. For example, a student might search databases like Google Scholar or PubMed to find articles about the effects of climate change on coastal ecosystems.
What Is a Literature Review?: A literature review summarizes and synthesizes the results of a literature search. It aims to analyze, critique, and organize the collected literature to overview a particular research area comprehensively. For instance, the student in the previous example might write a review summarizing climate change’s effects on various coastal ecosystems, pointing out knowledge gaps and areas for further research.
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10 Best Tools For Professional Literature Search
- 10 Best Tools For Professional Literature Search: ResearchPal is an all-inclusive, AI-powered research tool that simplifies the academic workflow for researchers, students, and professionals. ResearchPal differs from task-specific alternatives because it offers a full suite of features to speed up writing and research processes. Key functionalities include AI-driven literature reviews, Intelligent writing assistance, Automated paper insights extraction, Advanced academic search, Efficient reference and library management, and Interactive chat with research papers. Get started for free today with this award-winning AI research tool!
- ScienceOpen: A Free Alternative to Paywalled Research Databases: ScienceOpen is a freely accessible search engine for research papers that is visually appealing and functionally sound. The scientific search engine is many things, among others, a search engine for research papers. Despite being owned by a private company, this scientific search engine is freely accessible. Search results are clearly labeled for publication type, number of citations, altmetrics scores, etc., and allow for filtering. You can also access citation metrics, i.e., display which publications have cited a particular paper.
- The Lens: A Search Engine for Both Scholarly Literature and Patents: The Lens is a tool that allows you to search for scholarly literature and patents! Millions of patents from over 95 jurisdictions can be searched. The Lens is run by the non-profit social enterprise Cambia. The search engine is free to use for the public, though charges occur for commercial use and to get additional functionality.
- Citation Gecko: A Visual Approach to Finding Relevant Scientific Papers: The literature search tool Citation Gecko is an open-source web app that makes it easier to discover relevant scientific literature than your average keyword-based search engine for research papers. It works the following way: First, you upload about 5-6 “seed papers.” The program then extracts all references in and to these seed papers and creates a visual citation network. The nodes are displayed in different colors and sizes depending on whether the documents cite a seed paper or are quoted by it and how many, respectively. You can discover new documents relevant to your scientific literature search by combing the citation network. You can also increase your citation network by including more seed papers.
- Location Citation Network: A Tool for Comprehensive Literature Reviews: Like Citation Gecko, Local Citation Network is an open-source tool that works as a scientific search engine on steroids. Physician Scientist Tim Wölfle developed the Local Citation Network. This literature review tool works best if you feed it with a more extensive library of seed papers than required for Citation Gecko. Therefore, Wölfle recommends using it at the end of your scientific literature search to identify documents you may have missed.
- Scopus: A Large Database for Academic Papers: Scopus, run by Elsevier, is one of the largest known publication databases and is even used to index papers based on their quality. So, finding papers through Scopus is worth a search as it contains over 22,000 documents from over 5000 institutions. However, you are required to sign up to use it. You can search by most means, whether you want to search by title, keywords, or author (there’s also a dedicated author search function). You can filter papers by year and even pull up the statistics, such as citation levels/scores, to assess whether the paper is in a reputable journal. If you are concerned about paywalls (see later sections in this guide), Scopus can only display open-access (OA) journals. So, this will show all papers that don’t require payment or an authorization account, but naturally, the amount of documents will be less.
- Google Scholar: A Valuable Resource for Accessing Research Papers: Google Scholar can help not only to find relevant papers (and patents) but also to access papers behind a paywall. It works by finding the correct paper and giving you several sources, some of which include downloadable and non-payable versions, commonly from sources such as ResearchGate and arXiv. If you have such a login, getting behind the paywall is no issue, as your account with your affiliated institution covers it. To see other versions, click ‘All ‘x’ Versions.’ Sometimes, a PDF link will be shown on the side for viewing and downloading. This method can be used in conjunction with the other databases because if you can’t access a paper on one of the other sites, there is a chance you may be able to use this approach.
- Research Rabbit: An Interactive Tool for Citation Management: As an alternative to the literature search tools, Citation Gecko and Local Citation Network, a blog reader, recommended ResearchRabbit. It’s free to use and looks like a versatile piece of literature review software that helps you build your citation network. ResearchRabbit lets you add labels to the entries in your citation network, download PDFs of papers, and sign up for email alerts for new papers related to your research topic. Instead of a tool to use only once during your scientific literature search, ResearchRabbit seems to function more like a private scientific library storing (and connecting) all the papers in your field.
- Open Access Button: A Legal Way to Access Paywalled Papers: It works like the scientific search engine Sci-hub but is legal: You enter the DOI, link, or citation of a paper, and the literature review tool Open Access Button displays it if it is freely accessible anywhere. To find an open access version, the Open Access Button searches thousands of repositories, for example, preprint servers, authors’ pages, open access journals, and other aggregators such as the COnnecting REpositories service based at The Open University in the UK (CORE), the EU-funded OpenAire infrastructure, and the US community initiative Share.
- Endnote Click: A Browser Extension for Quick Access to Research Papers: Another browser extension that lets you access the scientific literature for free, if available, is EndNote Click (formerly Kopernio). EndNote Click claims to be faster than other search engines for research papers, bypassing redirects and verification steps. I don’t find the Unpaywall or Open Access Button plugins inconvenient, but I’d encourage you to try out all of these scientific search engines and see what works best for you.
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ResearchPal is a comprehensive AI-powered research tool designed to streamline the academic workflow for researchers, students, and professionals. Unlike task-specific alternatives, ResearchPal offers a full suite of features to accelerate writing and research processes. Key functionalities include AI-driven literature reviews, Intelligent writing assistance, Automated paper insights extraction, Advanced academic search, Efficient reference and library management, and Interactive chat with research papers. Get started for free today with our award-winning AI research tool!
